考研英语完形填空7选5题解题方法一

7选5考查的是语篇的连贯性和一致性，因此就要使用到各种达到连贯目的的各种衔接手段，即：词汇衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接。通过对这些衔接手段的分类，7选5 的解题方法主要有以下几种：

1)词汇复现法

复现，是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述，从而使得同样的意思在文章不同的地方重复出现。复现关系，主要是指同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现等。

例1(2005年真题)

Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.

They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastestgrowing components of which are pharmaceutical costs.

41

What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.

［A］ Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent!

［B］ Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report:“The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescriptiondrug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”

［C］ What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

［D］ The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

［E］ According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.

［F］ So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

［G］ Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

【解析】［E］空白前的一段说：They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastestgrowing components of which are pharmaceutical costs(省长们都在抱怨医疗成本飞涨，其中涨得最快的就是药品的费用)。在这句话中，谈论的关键是pharmaceutical cost(医药成本)，同时我们注意到文章的第一段谈论的主题也是关于health costs(医疗成本)的问题，因此可以判断文章下一段谈论的话题一定围绕“药品成本”展开，也就是“药品成本”这个概念会在下面的一段文字中复现。对比选项，只有选项［E］中出现了关于“药品成本”(drug costs)的论述，同时从内容上来看，试题前面的句子说“药品的成本飞涨”，选项［E］对前面的句子作了补充说明，解释了药品上涨的原因(Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices)。

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例2(2005年真题)

What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.

42

But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial—provinces combining efforts to create one body.

［A］ Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent!

［B］ Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescriptiondrug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”

［C］ What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

［D］ The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

［E］ According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.

［F］ So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

［G］ Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.

【解析】［C］试题前的一段提到了要成立全国性的机构(create a national institution)，并讲到了它的特点。空白后的一段以But 开头，解释national 的含义：“National” could mean interprovincial—provinces combining efforts to create one body(“全国性”也可以说是省际间的，也就是说，各省可以共同努力成立一个机构)，试题的前后都出现了关于national的信息，由此可以判断，要填入的句子中一定会复现关于national的内容，比较选项可以发现选项［A］和选项［C］中出现了关于national的复现信息，但选项［A］讲的是Quebec’s resistance to a national agency(Quebec对国家医疗机构的抵制)，作者对national的定义还没有交代清楚之前，不可能出现选项［A］中的信息，因此选项［C］是正确答案。

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例3(2006年真题)

In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the “medical/psychological” nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.

42

The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun … and always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”, intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.

［A］ Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

［B］ It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?

［C］ By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.

［D］ Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.

［E］ David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.

［F］ It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

［G］ The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

【解析】［A］ 空格前面一句the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or wellbeing的主语是letter，letter后面的宾语从句讲的是letter的内容：David Williams在进入赌场之前要提交能证明不会对他的人身安全和财务造成威胁的信息。紧接着这句话的句子所表达的信息应当还要提及关于信件(letter)及其内容的信息，因此要填入的选项要表达这一方面的内容，才能在语义上和上文连贯。比较选项可以发现，选项［A］中出现了letter的同义词mail，同时从内容上分析，选项［A］中的Although no such evidence was presented和上文中的he would have to present medical/psychological…语义上衔接紧密，语义连贯。因此选项［A］是正确答案。

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考研英语完形填空7选5题解题方法二

2)词汇同现法

词汇同现是指属于同一词汇搭配范畴或者某一领域的词汇在文章中共同出现，达到语义衔接的目的。一般来说，上下文中词汇的范畴越小，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。

例1(大纲样题)

42 . Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting.

［A］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

［B］ Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

［C］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

［D］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

［E］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.

［F］ When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

［G］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

【解析】［F］本题出现在一个段落的首句，从答题策略来看，应当重点看后文的叙述，后文中water重复了两遍，说明这一信息是本段落的重点信息。同时这一信息很可能会在上下文中，即我们要填入的信息中出现复现词或同现词。对比选项，选项［F］中出现了lake，stream，river，sea等同类词汇，因此可以判断这一选项为正确答案。本题最大的干扰项为［G］，因为［G］项一开始就有how fossils ate preserved与下文Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks…所表达的内容从形式上来看似乎是吻合的；但是［G］项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织(organism)可能转化成几种形式而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉人们Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action(岩石中几乎所有的化石都是由于水作用而被保存下来)，语义上主要说明泥沙对于化石保存下来所起的作用，因此两者在语义的衔接上是不连贯的。

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例2(2006年真题)

The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of taking risks in quest of a windfall.

44 Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.

［A］ Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

［B］ It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?

［C］ By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.

［D］ Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.

［E］ David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.

［F］ It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

［G］ The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

【解析】［F］首先可以利用词汇同现的方法解答此题，试题前句的diagnostic(诊断上的),选项中的medicalize(医学化)以及空格后面的physical(身体上的)虽然不是近义词或同义词，但很明显它们属于同一医学范畴，因此属于同一范畴词汇对应；其次，还可以利用结构衔接法，选项中的defining as(注意选项中有倒装结构，原结构应该是define …as…)与空格后的reclassifying…as…是近义词表达法，都是表示“归类为，定义为”；再次，可以利用词汇复现法，选项中的weakness of will(意志上的弱点)和空格后句中的character flaws(性格的缺陷)是上下义词的关系，前者属于后者。

3)代词线索

英语表达中代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用无非是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。

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例(大纲样题)

There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

44 Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

［A］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

［B］ Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

［C］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

［D］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

［E］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sealilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.

［F］ When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

［G］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

【解析】［A］ 下文一开始就出现了指示代词these，这说明试题前面的句子表明了一类事物，也就是说，试题部分应该有“some, several, many”或类似的词，对比答案只能是选项［A］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.［A］里面出现了many different kinds of，这个短语和后面的指示代词these形成了对应关系。

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考研英语完形填空7选5题解题方法三

4)数字线索

包括具体数字以及和数字相关的词汇诸如ratio, rate等等。作者列出数字，除了和其他数字进行对比和比较之外，还可以用数据来说明一个观点。

例1(2006年真题)

He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card”, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.

41 In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.

［A］ Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.

［B］ It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?

［C］ By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.

［D］ Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.

［E］ David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.

［F］ It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.

［G］ The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?

【解析】［C］从前后文表达的语义来看，前文的第一句话表明了本段的主题He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left。试题后面的句子是In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days，两者的侧重点都集中在lost(输钱)上，同是前后文中都出现了一些数字加以说明，因此从语义上判断，要填入的内容一定和此人输钱有关，同时选项中很可能会出现数字。对比选项，选项［C］中出现了$5,000和$5，500和前后文的数字形成照应，由于其他选项中没有任何数字，考生应该很快能看出这个答案。此外，从语义逻辑上看，试题所在的选项句和试题后面的一句其实是用具体的事实数据在描述David Williams的赌瘾越来越大，两者的语义逻辑表达方向一致，因此选项［C］是正确答案。

5)逻辑关系线索

(a)并列与递进关系: and, or, also，neither…nor…,either…or…,likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say ,as well as, the same …as,besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition to ,what is more

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例(大纲样题)

43 There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

［A］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

［B］ Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

［C］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

［D］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

［E］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.

［F］ When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

［G］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

【解析】［E］本题选择的特征词是“also”。“also”表并列关系，语义上对前文进行补充和说明，这就证明本题前面的句子中应当与also后的crab-like creatures(类似螃蟹的生物)相并列的内容，或者出现了有关“类似螃蟹的生物”的描述的信息。比较选项可以发现，选项［E］中出现的信息Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sealilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks描述了一些生物具有“类似螃蟹的信息”： had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rock(有长腕且通过长柄附着于海床或岩石上)。因此，选项 ［E］是正确答案。

(b)因果关系：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result ,because of ,in that, for this reason, of course

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例(2005年真题)

Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.

43

A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-coordinating office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.

［A］ Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent!

［B］ Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “The substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”

［C］ What does “notional” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.

［D］ The problem is simple and stark health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.

［E］ According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall healthcare spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.

［F］ So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

［G］ Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but selfinterest would lead them to deal with it.

【解析】［G］试题前的一段讲到the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price(全国的机构是代表3100万人去谈判，潜在的顾客的人数越多，得到底价的可能性越高)。通过这段话可以得知，建立全国性机构后，医药的价格会下降，医药公司会做出反应，即上一个段落和本题之间是因果关系。因此选项［G］是正确答案。选项［G］中的of course 起承上启下的作用，表达了某种因果关系，从of course后面的语义来看，表达的正是关于医药公司的内容：Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream，这儿的scream 原作“尖叫”解，在这里作“高声抱怨”解。因此选项［G］是正确答案。

同时，本题还可以根据和后面一个段落之间的关系做出选择。从后面一个段落的第一句话A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency来看，讨论的是如何解决国家机构的问题，这是一个表示结果的句子，由此可以推知要填入的试题中一定会出现关于如何对待national agency的论述。选项［G］的最后一句话They wouldn’t like a national agency, but selfinterest would lead them to deal with it表达的正是这个含义，不论从内容上，还是从措辞上和下文的内容非常的衔接，因此是正确答案。

(c)转折让步关系：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than ,instead of, it is true that,of course,although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of

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例(大纲样题)

Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.

41 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.

［A］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

［B］ Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

［C］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

［D］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

［E］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.

［F］ When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

［G］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

【解析】［B］从试题前后的语义逻辑关系来看，试题前面的一段话表明的信息是Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now(尽管这些动物是某些活到现在的物种的祖先，但有的动物却灭绝了，也就是说它们现在已经没有子孙后代活在这个世界上)。试题的后面的句子表明的信息是 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago(有时候这些石头可以将它们的外表展现出来，这样，除了颜色我们就可以对那些数百年前死掉的生物形成一个比较准确的印象)。从语义关系里看，前文中说动物灭绝了，暗含的意思是我们不可能得到这些动物的任何信息，而后面的句子说我们可以对这些动物形成准确的印象，因此，前后文形成了明显的对比关系，四个选项中能够表达这种关系的，只有选项［B］。

本题还可以采用词汇的复现来确定正确答案，从试题后面的句子Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin来看，rocks的前面使用了定冠词the修饰，这表明rocks在前文中一定出现过，但我们考察第一段时发现，第一段中并没有出现关于rocks的内容，因此可以确定，关于rocks的内容一定出现在要填入的试题中。选项［B］ Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate中出现了动物的骨骼被保存在the rocks中，变成化石的论述，由此可以判断选项［B］是正确答案。

(d)时间关系：afterwards, at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start with，in the mean time, last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, to begin with以及一些具体的时间。

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例(大纲样题)

…Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.     

45

About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

［A］ The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

［B］ Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

［C］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

［D］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

［E］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.

［F］ When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

［G］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

【解析】［C］从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”：前面几段讲的都是动物不断的进化过程，而下文中表示时间的短语“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over” 很可能向我们传达了这样一个信息：文章对地球上动物进化过程的描写很有可能是按照时间顺序的，因此本题所在的段落和下面的段落很可能存在时间上的延续关系，即本题所在的段落很可能会提到比75 million years ago更早的时间。通过对比选项可知选项［C］中的两个表示时间的短语375 million years和150 million years和下一个段落中提到的时间状语具有了延续性，是正确答案。

此外，还可以采用词汇复现法解答本题。试题后面一句话About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out中的reptile在本题前的文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定有这个词，只有［C］项中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the sea ,and in the air”。所以正确答案只能是［C］。