There are great many reasons for studying what philosophers 1.________ have said in the past. One is that we cannot separate the history of philosophy from which of science. Philosophy is 2.________ large discussion about matters on which few people are quite 3.________ certain, and those few hold opposite opinions. As knowledge increases,philosophy buds off the sciences.　 For an example, in the ancient world and the Middle Ages 4.________ philosophers discussed motion. Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas taught that a moving body would slow down until a force 5.________ were constantly applied to it. They were wrong. It goes on moving unless something slows it down. But they had gooarguments on their side, and if we study these, and the experiments which proved them right this will help us to distinguish truth 6.________ from false in the scientific controversies of today. 　7.________ We also see how different philosopher reflects the social 8.________ life of his day. Plato and Aristotle, in the slave-owning society of ancient Greece, thought man’s highest state was contemplation rather than activity. In the Middle Ages St. Thomas believed a regular feudal system of nine ranks of angels. Herbert 9.________ Spencer, in the time of free competition between capitalists, found the key to progress as the survival of the fittest. Thus 10.________ Marxism is seen to fit into its place as the philosophy for the workers, the only class with a future.1. are ∧ great → a

　　a great many为固定搭配，修饰可数名词，意为“很多，大量”，后面的名词用复数形式。

　　2. which → that

　　that这里做代词，指代前文已经提到的“history”一词，而which可做疑问代词或定语从句的引导词，代这里不能用。

　　3. large → largely

　　largely这里是副词，意为“在很大程度上”，如果有人打算把large考虑成修饰discussion的形容词，那么，前边势必加冠词a或the,但没有large discussion的说法，所以这里只能把large改换成副词.

　　4. an → /

　　for example是固定搭配，意为“例如”，中间不加不定冠词an。

　　5. until → unless

　　until常和not连用，形成not…until句式，所以not是检验until是否用对的一个标志。这句在说：“亚里士多德和圣托马斯·阿奎那都认为一个运动的物体除非给它不停地使力，否则它就会停下来”。unless这里是“除非”的意思。

　　6. right → wrong

　　这句话说“但是他们那一方面有很好的论证。如果我们研究这些论述和证明这些说法是错误的那些实验，那么我们就会辨清今日科学纠纷的真与假”。根据上下文判断，这里应是wrong。

　　7. false → falsehood

　　这里需要一个名词，因此把false改为falsehood。

　　8. different → every

　　这句谓语动词和主语均为第三人称单数，而用different修饰的名词一般用复数形式，因此需要改变different。再看下文，列举了诸位哲学家，因此可把different 改为every，既不妨碍句子意思，又符合语法规则。

　　9. believed ∧ a → in

　　believe in 意为“相信”，后常接名词，而believe则为“相信或认为”，后常接从句，因此加上一个介词in。

　　10. as → in

　　此句意为“斯宾塞在资本主义自由竞争时期，发现进步的关键在于适者生存”，此句的另一表达方式为“Spencer, in the time of free competition between capitalists, found the survival of the fittest as the key to progress.”而按现有语序，需把as改成in。

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　The white House began to be built in 1792, but it was not completed until ten years later. Every American president lived

　　in it except for George Washington, although he did have a 1.________ majority part in designing it.　 2.________ The government held a competition to choose the best design for the president"s house. The winner was a young man of 3.________ South Carolina, James Hoban. His design was a three-level house of stone. And President Washington made some changes in the winning design. He made the house long and wider, and 4.________ changed it into a two-storied house instead of three.　The second president, John Adams, was first to live in the 5.________ White House. When he and his wife moved onto the new house 6.________ in November, 1800, work was still going on, although the main

　　live area was completed. The whole work did not finish until the 7.________ administration of the 3rd president, Thomas Jefferson.　Twelve years later, the British army invaded Washington and burned the White House. The fire completely destroyed the inside of the building and experts said the White House was so 8.________ dangerous to live in. Later on workers rebuilt the inside of the White House. More offices were added, most of which underground. 9.________ None of the work, however, changed the appearing of 10.________ the building. Many people asked why the president"s house is called the White House. Historians say it has been so called simply because it was painted white.

　　1.for → /

　　在句子中说明前后两个相等成份的关系时用except，否则用except for。本句是说每位美国总统，除了乔治·华盛顿，都曾在白宫居住过，“Every American president”与“George Washington”为对等成分，故应去掉for。

　　2.majority → major

　　majority意为“大多数”、“半数以上”，一般后接复数名词，而major则为“主要的”。本句意为“华盛顿在设计白宫中起了主要作用”，故应用major。

　　3.of → from

　　要表示一个人的家乡在哪里，介词应为from。

　　4.long → longer

　　本句意思是说华盛顿把白宫设计得比原来更长，更宽了一些。与原来作比较，long当然应用比较级，而且and连接的两个形容词也应为对等成分，既然wider是比较级，long也应为比较级。

　　5. was ∧ first → the

　　the +序数词具有名词意味，在这里the first即表示the first president。

　　6. onto → into

　　“搬进新居”应为“move in”或“move into”,move on意为“继续前进”，而“move onto”则是不存在的。

　　7.live → living

　　live (a)意为“活着的”，而“living”则是“适于居住的”、“生活的”。the living area意为“适于居住的地区”。

　　8. so → too

　　原文说，战火把楼房的内部完全烧毁了，专家们说白宫太危险了，不能居住了，所以后来工人们才又重修白宫内部。“太……太……”应为“too…too…”。

　　9. which ∧ underground → were 或which → them

　　本句有两种改法，若想使这部分成为非限制性定语从句，则which引导一个句子，后面应加一个“were”;若想使这部分为独立成分，则改which为them。

　　10. appearing → appearance

　　原句意思是说，重建白宫的工作并未改变它的外貌。appearing为appear(出现)的v. + ing形式，appearance意为“外观，外貌”。

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　When some nineteenthcentury New Yorkers said “Harlem”, they meant almost all of Manhattan above Eighty-sixth Street.

　　Toward the end of the century, however, a group of citizens in upper Manhattanwant perhaps, to shape a closer 1._________ and more precise sense of community—designated a section that they wished to have known as Harlem. The chosen area was the Harlem which Blacks were moving in the first decades of the 2.________ new century as they left their old settlements on the middle and lower blocks of the West Side.　 As the community became predominantly Black, the very word“Harlem” seemed to lose its old meaning. At time it was 3.________ easy to forget that “Harlem”was originally the Dutch name “Harlem”; the community it described had been founded by 4.________ people from Holland;and that for most of its three centuries—it was first settled in the sixteen hundreds—it had been preoccupied 5.________ by White New Yorkers. “Harlem”became synonymous to 6.________ Black life and Black style in Manhattan. Blacks living there used the word as though they had coined it on themselves—not 7.________ only to designate their area of residence but to express their ense of the various qualities of its life and atmosphere. As the

　　years passed, “Harlem”asserted an even larger meaning. In 8.________ the words of Adam Clayton Powell, Sr., the pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church, Harlem “became the symbol of liberty and the Promised Land to Negroes everywhere”.　 By 1919 Harlem"s population had grown by several thousand. It had received its share of wartime migration from the South, the Caribbean, and parts of colonial Africa. Some of the new arrivals merely lived for Harlem; it was New York they had 9.________ come to, looking for jobs and for all the other legendary opportunities of life in the city. To others who migrated to Harlem, New York was merely the city in which they found themselves: Harlem was exactly what they wished to be. 10.________

　　1. want→ wanting

　　该句的谓语动词在破折号之后，即“designate”，因此有必要将前一动词变成分词形式。

　　2. Harlem ∧ which → to

　　黑人们搬进了Harlem，因此这里Harlem是先行词，关系代词应当表示地点，即可以是where，也可以是“介词+which”的形式。

　　3. time → times

　　“at a time”是“一次”的意思，而“at times”是“时而，偶尔”的意思。

　　4.Harlem; ∧ the community → that

　　“forget”后面引导的是三个宾语从句，在这种情况下，“that”通常不能省略。

　　5.preoccupied → occupied

　　“be preoccupied with sth.”指“忙于某事”。“occupy”是“占领”之意。

　　6.to → with

　　“by synonymous with”是“与……等同”“与……意义相同”的意思,与synonymous搭配的是介词with。

　　7.on → /

　　“by themselves”或“on their own”都表示“他们自己”的意思，“coin”是“创造”之意。

　　8.asserted → assumed “assert”是“肯定，断定”，“assume”指开始具有某种(品质或形象等)，强调的是一个从无到有的发展过程。

　　9.for → in

　　由下文“it was New York they had come to”可知这些人并非是为Harlem而活着，因为他们的目标是整个纽约城，他们只是居住在Harlem罢了。

　　10.what → where

　　本段中Harlem还是作为一个地区名存在，相关的思想意义并不多。

未完待续………………